Iraq: Iraq Government Profile

Chief of State: President Fuad Masum

Muhammad Fuad Masum is the seventh and current President of Iraq, in office since 2014. He is a veteran Iraqi Kurdish politician and was elected as President following the 2014 parliamentary election. Masum is the second non-Arab president of Iraq, succeeding Jalal Talabani, also Kurdish, and is a confidant of Talabani.

Government

Iraq is a constitutional democracy with a federal system of government. The 2005 Iraqi Constitution guarantees all Iraqis basic rights in a lot of areas. The executive branch is made up of the Presidency Council (one president, two deputy presidents) and a Council of Ministers (one prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, and 34 cabinet ministers). The President is the Chief of National, protecting the Constitution and representing the sovereignty and unity of the national, while the Prime Minister is the direct executive authority and commander in chief. Beginning in 2006, the military and police began transitioning from being under the operational control of the Multi-National Forces-Iraq command to Iraqi command and control. The President and Vice Presidents are elected by the Council of Representatives (CoR).

The Prime Minister is nominated by the major bloc in the Council of Representatives. Upon designation, the Prime Minister names the members of his cabinet, the Council of Ministers, which is again approved by the Council of Representatives. The Council of Representatives may withdraw confidence from the Prime Minister, in which case the Prime Minister and Cabinet are considered resigned. Under normal circumstances, the executive branch serves a four-year term concurrent with that of the Council of Representatives.

Iraq's legislative branch consists of an elected Council of Representatives and an as-from presently on unformed Federation Council. The Council of Representatives consists of 275 members, each of whom is elected to four-year terms of service. At least one-quarter of the members of the Council of Representatives must be female. The responsibilities of the Council of Representatives include enacting federal laws, monitoring the executive branch, and electing the President of the Republic. The Federal Council will be established, by law, as a representative for governorates and territories that are not organized in a region.

Iraq's judicial branch is independent, and is under no authority but that of the law. The federal judicial authority is comprised of the Higher Judicial Council, Federal Supreme Court, Court of Cassation, Public Prosecution Department, Judiciary Oversight Commission, and other federal courts. The Higher Judicial Council supervises the affairs of the federal judiciary. The Federal Supreme Court is the highest court in the country, and the final authority on legal decisions. The establishment of the federal courts, their types, and methods for judicial appointments will be set forth by laws enacted by the Council of Representatives.

Principal Officials of the Iraqi National Unity Government
President--Jalal Talabani
Vice-President--'Adil 'Abd al-Mahdi
Vice-President--Tariq al-Hashimi
Prime Minister--Nuri al-Maliki
Deputy Prime Minister--Salam al-Zawba'i
Deputy Prime Minister--Barham Salih
Minister of Agriculture--Yaroub al-Abodi
Minister of Communications--Muhammad Tawfiq Allawi
Minister of Culture--vacant
Minister of Defense--Abdel Qader Jassim Obeidi al-Mufraji
Minister of Displacement & Migration--Abd al-Samad Rahman Sultan
Minister of Education--Khudayyir al-Khuza'i
Minister of Electricity--Karim Wahid
Minister of Environment--Narmin 'Uthman
Minister of Finance--Bayan Jabr
Minister of Foreign Affairs--Hoshyar Zebari
Minister of Health--vacant
Minister of Higher Education--Abd Dhiyab al-Ajili
Minister of Human Rights--Wijdan Mikha'il
Minister of Housing & Construction--Bayan Daza'i
Minister of Industry & Minerals--Fawzi al-Hariri
Minister of Interior--Jawad al-Bulani
Minister of Justice--vacant
Minister of Labor & Social Affairs--Mahmud Muhammad Jawad al-Radi
Minister of Municipalities & Public Works--Riyad Ghurayyib
Minister of Oil--Husayn al-Shahristani
Minister of Planning--Ali Baban
Minister of Science & Technology--Ra'id Fahmi Jahid
Minister of Trade--Abd al-Falah al-Sudani
Minister of Transportation--Karim Mahdi Salih
Minister of Water Resources--'Abd al-Latif Rashid
Minister of Youth & Sports--Jasim Muhammad Ja'far
Minister of National for Civil Society--vacant
Minister of National for CoR Affairs--Safa al-Safi
Minister of National for Foreign Affairs--Rafi Hiyad al-Isawi
Minister of National for Governorates Affairs--vacant
Minister of National for National Dialogue Affairs--Akram al-Hakim
Minister of National for National Security Affairs--Shirwan al-Waili
Minister of National for Tourism and Antiquities--vacant
Minister of National for Women's Affairs--Fatin Abd al-Rahman Mahmud

Major Political Parties and Organizations [Leaders]
Assyrian Democratic Movement [Yonadam Kanna]; Al-Da'wa [Ibrahim al-Ja'afari]; Badr Organization [Hadi al-Amiri]; Constitutional Monarchy Movement [Sharif Ali Bin al-Hussein]; General Conference of Iraqi People [Adnan al-Dulaymi]; Hewar National Iraqi Front [Saleh al-Mutlaq]; Independent Iraqi Alliance [Falah al-Naqib]; Iraqi Hizballah [Karim Mahud al-Muhammadawi]; Iraqi Independent Democrats [Adnan Pachachi]; Iraqi Islamic Party [Muhsin Abd al-Hamid]; Iraqi National Accord (INA) [Ayad Allawi]; Iraqi National Congress (INC) [Ahmad Chalabi]; Iraqi National Unity Movement [Ahmad al-Kubaysi]; Iraqi Turkmen Front [Faruk Abdullah Abdurrahman]; Jama'at al-Fadilah [Ayatollah Muhammad 'Ali al-Yacoubi]; Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) [Massoud Barzani]; Kurdistan Islamic Union [Salaheddine Muhammad Bahaaeddin]; Mithal al-Alusi Inventory [Mithal al-Alusi]; Muslim Ulama Council [Harith Sulayman al-Dari]; National Democratic Movement; Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) [Jalal Talabani]; Al-Risalyun [Muqtada al-Sadr]; Al-Sadr Movement [Muqtada al-Sadr]; Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI, formerly the Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, SCIRI) [Abdul Aziz al-Hakim]; Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress

Note: The Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan, the Iraqi Inventory, and the United Iraqi Alliance were electoral blocs consisting of the representatives from the various Iraqi political parties. Alliances and Electoral blocs are subject to change.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS

Since March 2006, the Government of Iraq has been a broad coalition led by a Shi’ite legislative bloc known as the United Iraqi Coalition (UIC) or the United Iraqi Alliance (UIA). The UIC currently holds 128 of 275 seats in the Council of Representatives. The UIC is currently composed of ISCI, the al-Sadr movement, al-Da’wa al-Islamiyya, Da’wa Tanzim al-Iraq, Jama’at al-Fadilah, and various independents. Politicians with Sunni religious affiliations, inclunding the Tawaffuq and Hewar groups, instantly hold 59 seats in the Council of Representatives. The Kurdish bloc known as the Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan (which includes the KDP & PUK) holds 53 legislative seats. Ayad Allawi’s Iraqiyya or Iraqi National Inventory (INL) holds 25 seats. The remaining seats are composed of various independents.

With regard to the executive branch, much care has been given to ensure that there is proportionate distribution of ministerial positions part the major political groups. For example, in the Presidency Council, President Jalal Talabani is Kurdish, Deputy President ‘Adil ‘Abd al-Mahdi is a Shi’a Muslim, and Deputy President Tariq al-Hashimi is a Sunni Muslim. Additionally, the Council of Ministers consists of 18 Shi’a Muslims, 8 Sunni Muslims, 8 Kurds, and 5 members of Ayad Allawi’s secular INA.

The Government of Iraq is currently working toward reviewing the Constitution. The process is likely to be a long and careful one, as consideration needs to be given to the interests of each of the major political groups. Issues to be addressed include federalism, the sharing of oil revenues, de-Ba’thification reform, and provincial elections.